tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59534449019196969632024-03-05T16:23:19.757-08:00It's Your Turn.It's Your Turnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04435288782107624099noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5953444901919696963.post-87722574824784422492017-02-04T01:14:00.000-08:002017-02-04T05:51:42.399-08:00Introduction to DWDM Technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing</b></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">WDM technology is a fiber communication
technology transmitting multiple optical carriers with information (analog or
digital) on one fiber.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">WDM concept was first published in 1978, and by 1980 WDM systems were being realized in the laboratory. The first WDM systems combined only two signals. Modern systems can handle 160 signals and can thus expand a basic 200,100,10 Gbit/s across the metro, regional, long-haul, and ultra-long-haul DWDM system over a single fiber pair to over 16 Tbit/s. A system of 320 channels in also present (12.5 GHz channel spacing). 400G DWDM Prototype for Next Generation Ultra-Broadband Transmission possible also.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">Compared to 100-Gbps
CP-QPSK, CP-16QAM modulation doubles the spectral efficiency, transmitting 200
Gbps per wavelength at the same baud rate while reducing unregenerated reach up
to 10000 KM. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dense wavelength division multiplexing Concept:</h4>
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DWDM Basic System:</h4>
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It's Your Turnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04435288782107624099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5953444901919696963.post-21209397508485458992015-04-25T21:42:00.002-07:002015-04-25T21:42:52.365-07:00Difference between stp , rstp , mstp , pvst , pvst+ Cisco<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Difference between
stp ,rstp,mstp,pvst,pvst+</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>STP (Spanning-tree
Protocol)</u></b>: </div>
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Layer 2 protocol used in LAN enviroment to Avoid :</div>
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<br /></div>
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Broadcast Storms</div>
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Mac-Table Inestability</div>
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Multiples copies of frames.</div>
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<br /></div>
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And it is defined in 802.1d Standard.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">RSTP(Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol-802.1w Standard):</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is the enhanced
protocol of STP,</div>
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the main characteristic of this one is Faster than STP
(it converge in less than 6 seconds).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">While STP can take 30 to 50 seconds to respond
to a topology change, RSTP is typically able to respond to changes within
3 × Hello times (default: 3 times 2 seconds) or within a few
milliseconds of a physical link failure. The so-called Hello time is an
important and configurable time interval that is used by RSTP for several purposes;
its default value is 2 seconds</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Limitation :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: #F9F9F9; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">The default hop count for MST/RSTP is 20</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">**PVST+ (Per Vlan Spanning Tree
Plus)</span> : </u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">In<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Ethernet</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">switched</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">environments where
multiple<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LAN" title="Virtual LAN"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Virtual LANs</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">exist, it is often
desirable to create multiple spanning trees so that traffic from different
VLANs uses different links.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systems,_Inc." title="Cisco Systems, Inc."><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Cisco</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">'s proprietary
versions of Spanning Tree Protocol,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Per-VLAN
Spanning Tree</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVST" title="PVST"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">PVST</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">) and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Per-VLAN
Spanning Tree Plus</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(PVST+),
create a separate spanning tree for each VLAN. Both PVST and PVST+ protocols
are Cisco<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">proprietary protocols</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">, and few switches from other vendors support them</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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This feature (by cisco) is used to create an instace of STP
for each VLAN. e.g.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
If you have a switch with 3 vlans you will have a 3
instances of VLANs that you could</div>
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modify the parameters (like to make root bridge for a
specific VLAN) independiently</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
accord to your design goals.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">***Rapid PVST+ :</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">This is Cisco's proprietary version of Rapid
Spanning Tree Protocol. It creates a spanning tree for each VLAN, just like
PVST. Cisco refers to this as Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (RPVST)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Uses Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) version 2
which is backward compatible with the 802.1D STP, which uses BPDU version 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">All the switches generate BPDUs and send out on
all the ports every 2 seconds, whereas in 802.1D STP only the root bridge sends
the configuration BPDUs</span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Port Roles—Root port, designated port, alternate port and backup
port.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Port States—Discarding, Learning, and Forwarding.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Port Types—Edge Port (PortFast), Point-to-Point and Shared port.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Rapid-PVST uses RSTP to provide faster
convergence. When any RSTP port receives legacy 802.1D BPDU, it falls back to
legacy STP and the inherent fast convergence benefits of 802.1w are lost when
it interacts with legacy bridges.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Limitations :</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The maximum number of VLANs and
ports is 16,000.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_EC3E062EECF54FC7B72FCBED"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Only Rapid PVST+ or MST can be active at any time for
each VDC.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_9A7B431D009E4BEA9F93AE51"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Port channeling—The port-channel bundle is considered
as a single port. The port cost is the aggregation of all the configured
port costs assigned to that channel.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_015C5BBF248F4378BC6F390F"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Private VLANs:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__ul_8282948D70AB44E1B788C3EC"></a></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_4E2BF6E182D94075A509ACB1"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On a normal VLAN trunk port, the primary and secondary
private VLANs are two different logical ports and must have the exact STP
topology.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_25FB93316E644949A295C4A6"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On access ports, STP sees only the primary VLAN.</span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_42F201A97F334D7992240E9D"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We recommend that you configure all ports connected to
Layer 2 hosts as STP edge ports.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_552F28394C14439CB029B9A9"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Always leave STP enabled.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_BEB6154BF0EF46E99821A152"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do not change timers because changing timers can
adversely affect stability.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_7EC2CF6CD3D9491CA7F9B463"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keep user traffic off the management VLAN; keep the
management VLAN separate from the user data.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_511885874F8E409AA6984545"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Choose the distribution and core layers as the location
of the primary and secondary root switches.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="con_1490298__li_FD44A929B06E415685DDAC49"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When you connect two Cisco devices through 802.1Q
trunks, the switches exchange spanning tree BPDUs on each VLAN allowed on
the trunks. The BPDUs on the native VLAN of the trunk are sent untagged to
the reserved 802.1D spanning tree multicast MAC address
(01-80-C2-00-00-00). The BPDUs on all VLANs on the trunk are sent tagged
to the reserved Cisco Shared Spanning Tree Protocol (SSTP) multicast MAC
address (01-00-0c-cc-cc-cd).</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>MIST(Multiple
Instances of Spaning Tree-802.1s):</u></b> </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
This protocol is the equivalent for PVST, however this
protocol just can be used in conjunction with RSTP.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
It's Your Turnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04435288782107624099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5953444901919696963.post-8079196254440881672015-04-25T11:36:00.001-07:002015-04-25T11:36:45.557-07:00 ইসলামে প্রশাসক<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'Noto Sans Bengali', Oswald, Lateef, 'Noto Naskh Arabic', hadithbd, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.8571434020996px; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">৪৪২৫. আবূ বাক্রাহ (রাঃ) হতে বর্ণিত। তিনি বলেন, রসূলুল্লাহ সাল্লাল্লাহু ‘আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম থেকে শ্রুত একটি বাণীর দ্বারা আল্লাহ জঙ্গে জামালের (উষ্ট্রের যুদ্ধ) দিন আমার মহা উপকার করেছেন, যে সময় আমি সাহাবায়ে কিরামের সঙ্গে মিলিত হয়ে জামাল যুদ্ধে শারীক হতে প্রায় প্রস্তুত হয়েছিলাম। আবূ বাক্রাহ (রাঃ) বলেন, সে বাণীটি হল, যখন নাবী সাল্লাল্লাহু ‘আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম-এর কাছে এ খবর পৌঁছল যে, পারস্যবাসী কিসরা কন্যাকে তাদের বাদশাহ মনোনীত করেছেন, তখন তিনি বললেন, সে জাতি কক্ষণো সফল হবে না স্ত্রীলোক যাদের প্রশাসক হয়। [৭০৯৯] (আ.প্র. ৪০৭৭, ই.ফা. ৪০৮০)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'Noto Sans Bengali', Oswald, Lateef, 'Noto Naskh Arabic', hadithbd, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.8571434020996px; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">Source : <a href="http://www.hadithbd.com/show.php?BookID=12&HadithNo=4425">Hadithbd</a> </span></div>
It's Your Turnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04435288782107624099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5953444901919696963.post-20547469248627135632013-10-01T00:20:00.002-07:002017-02-04T05:55:59.862-08:00Welcome to bitbytebd<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Welcome.</div>
It's Your Turnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04435288782107624099noreply@blogger.com0